This book gives a comprehensive overview of the state of Artificial Intelligence (AI), especially machine learning (ML) applications in public service delivery in Estonia, discussing the manifold ethical and legal issues that arise under both European and Estonian law. Final conclusions and recommendations set out and analyze various policy options for the public sector, taking into account recent developments at the European level - such as the AIA proposal - as well as the experience of countries that have issued principles and guidelines or even laws for the use of ML in the public sector.

Artificial intelligence (AI) - both in its current, comparatively limited form and even more so in its potential future forms (such as general and superintelligence) - has raised both concerns and hopes. Its actual and potential consequences are increasingly far-reaching, affecting almost every facet of human life on a collective and individual level: from the use of mobile phones and social media to autonomous weapons, and from the digitalization of knowledge and information to the patentability of AI innovations, unexpected philosophical, ontological, political and legal questions continue to arise. This book offers an insightful and essential guide to the scientific questions that are shaping humanity's present and future. Presenting a collection of academic essays written by prominent scholars, it addresses the major legal issues concerning AI: its impact on a wide range of human behavior and the general legal response, including questions on AI and legal personhood;responsibility, liability and culpability in the age of AI; the challenges AI poses for intellectual property regimes; human rights challenges; and AI's impact on jus ad bellum and jus in bello.

This open access book explains how leading business organizations attempt to achieve the responsible and ethical use of artificial intelligence (AI) and other advanced information technologies. These technologies can produce tremendous insights and benefits. But they can also invade privacy, perpetuate bias, and otherwise injure people and society. To use these technologies successfully, organizations need to implement them responsibly and ethically.

Taking an interdisciplinary and diverse perspective, this book enriches the evolving definition and scope of IP literature by focusing on actors, products and regulation that shape the business sector. Considering the gap between theory and practice, this book bridges academic and professional knowledge in unpacking legal, ethical and governance issues in the intellectual property industry. In an effort to include as many viewpoints as possible, contributions have been gathered from diverse fields, including business, ethics, governance, law, philosophy and technology studies.

This thought-provoking book follows the EU's journey into the digital age, explaining how it uses legislation and policy to tackle challenges such as the abuse of market power by Big Tech companies and the spread of hate speech and disinformation. Werner Stengg draws on his extensive experience in shaping digital policy to expertly analyse the EU's ambitious legislative and innovation programme, which focuses on human rights and prioritises trustworthy, transparent, and accountable usage of digital technologies. Alongside this examination of legislation and policy, Stengg also outlines the EU's major investment agenda into the digital infrastructures required to become a global player in our data-driven and AI-powered economy. Ultimately, the book highlights that innovations in the digital sphere are essential not only for the global competitiveness of European companies, but also for Europe to safeguard its resilience, autonomy, and technological sovereignty at a time of mounting geopolitical tensions.

This book makes the case that the destiny of Homo sapiens is not just about evolutionary biology but increasingly about evolutionary knowledge. This book describes the web of knowledge where scientific theories appear as intellectual constructs, which lead to new knowledge that open opportunities for gainful human employment for the well-educated while eliminating jobsfor the less-educated by advancing AI in a predator-prey adversarial model (the logistic map), thus raising livelihood concerns across wide swathes of human population. This inevitably leads to the question, "How should intellectual property rights, especially patents, be granted and protected when AI becomes advanced enough to invent without human intervention?" To answer this question, lawmakers, policymakers, managers, government officials, judiciary, enforcement agencies, etc., must have sufficient knowledge of how scientific theories impact modern society.

This book contends that the concept of fairness should be embraced and developed as a middle ground between strictly utilitarian and fundamental rights-based approaches to intellectual property (IP) law. Annette Kur, Nari Lee and Anna Tischner provide elegant arguments as to why this should be the case, and offer insights into how fairness as a legal notion can fulfil the role of mediator between the property aspects of IP law, market regulation and general welfare. They explore the terms and concepts of fairness in EU legislation, analyse the overarching network of goals and values set by EU law, and address the predominant theories that inform the notion of fairness and the use of empirical methods as a tool for its concretization. Ultimately, the book presents a conceptual framework of fairness to form a toolkit for legislative and judicial decision making and applies this to emerging challenges in IP law, such as AI regulation.

Reto M. Hilty hat im europäischen, deutschen und schweizerischen Immaterialgüterrecht tiefe Spuren hinterlassen. Aus Anlass seiner Emeritierung als Direktor des Max-Planck-Instituts für Innovation und Wettbewerb und als Professor ad personam an der Universität Zürich würdigen seine Freunde, Kollegen und Schüler sein Wirken mit dieser Festschrift. Die Bandbreite der Themen und die Vielfalt der Autoren spiegeln die Vielschichtigkeit der Tätigkeiten des Jubilars. Die Festschrift enthält Beiträge zu Grundsatzfragen des IP-Rechts, zum Patent-, Urheber-, Design- und Markenrecht, zum Schutz von Geschäftsgeheimnissen, zum Recht der geographischen Herkunftsangaben sowie zum Kartell- und Lauterkeitsrecht. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt auf den Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung, insb. auf dem Umgang des IP-Rechts mit Daten und Künstlicher Intelligenz (KI). Reto M. Hilty has left a deep mark on European, German and Swiss intellectual property law. On the occasion of his retirement as Directorof the Max-Planck-Institute for Innovation and Competition and as Professor ad personam at the University of Zurich, his friends and colleagues pay tribute to his work with this Festschrift. The range of topics and the variety of authors reflect the impressive spectrum of Reto's activities. The Festschrift contains contributions on fundamental questions of IP law, on patent, copyright, design and trademark law, on the protection of trade secrets, on the law of geographical indications as well as on antitrust and unfair competition law. One focus is on the challenges of digitalisation, in particular on how IP law deals with data and artificial intelligence (AI).

As computational power, the volume of available data, IT systems' autonomy, and the human-like capabilities of machines increase, robots and AI systems have substantial and growing implications for the law and raise a host of challenges to current legal doctrines. The main question to be answered is whether the foundations and general principles of private law and criminal law offer a functional and adaptive legal framework for the "autonomous systems" phenomena. The main purpose of this book is to identify and explore possible trajectories for the development of civil and criminal liability; for our understanding of the attribution link to autonomous systems; and, in particular, for the punishment of unlawful conduct in connection with their operation. AI decision-making processes - including judicial sentencing - also warrant close attention in this regard. Since AI is moving faster than the process of regulatory recalibration, this book provides valuable insights on its redesign and on the harmonization, at the European level, of the current regulatory frameworks, in order to keep pace with technological changes. Providing a broader and more comprehensive picture of the legal challenges posed by autonomous systems, this book covers a wide range of topics, including the regulation of autonomous vehicles, data protection and governance, personality rights, intellectual property, corporate governance, and contract conclusion and termination issues arising from automated decisions, blockchain technology and AI applications, particularly in the banking and finance sectors. The authors are legal experts from around the world with extensive academic and/or practical experience in these areas.

This open access book presents an interdisciplinary, multi-authored, edited collection of chapters on Artificial Intelligence ('AI') and the Law. AI technology has come to play a central role in the modern data economy. Through a combination of increased computing power, the growing availability of data and the advancement of algorithms, AI has now become an umbrella term for some of the most transformational technological breakthroughs of this age. The importance of AI stems from both the opportunities that it offers and the challenges that it entails. While AI applications hold the promise of economic growth and efficiency gains, they also create significant risks and uncertainty.

This book analyzes the intellectual property protection regimes in the EU and the U.S. available for three categories of subject matter that are often considered as requiring sui generis protection, namely, databases, designs and plant varieties. One of the main objectives is to evaluate whether the chosen subject matter in fact requires sui generis intellectual property protection and whether the introduced sui generis regimes have proved to be successful over time. The final chapter of this book analyses the perspectives of sui generis intellectual property protection for works generated by AI systems.

The deployment of increasingly powerful AI systems, able to function with increasing degree of autonomy, has led to concerns over loss of human control of important societal processes, over the disruption of existing economic, social and legal relationships, and over the empowerment of some societal actors at the expense of others, together with the entrenchment of situations of domination or discrimination. It has also made increasingly clear how tremendous the potential benefits, that these technologies may bring, are to those who successfully develop and deploy them. There is therefore great pressure on governments, international institutions, public authorities, civil society organisations, industry bodies and individual firms to introduce or adapt mechanisms and structures that will avoid the potentially negative outcomes of AI and achieve the positive ones. These mechanisms and structures, which have been given the umbrella term 'AI governance', cover a wide range of approaches, from individual firms introducing ethical principles which they volunteer to abide by, to the European Union legislating an AI Act, which will prohibit certain types of AI applications and impose binding obligations on AI developers and deployers.